
Traditional historiography, heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinkers such as Edward Gibbon, long posited a "conflict model" of top-down eradication, suggesting that paganism was violently replaced by imperial fiat following the conversion of Constantine. However, modern scholarship recognizes a more nuanced "grassroots" model of cultural assimilation. The transition to Christianity was achieved through compromise, linguistic adaptation, and the physical and narrative repurposing of sacred space and memory. In this framework, many venerated Christian saints are not historical martyrs of the early Church at all. Instead, they are borrowed figures—pagan gods, Buddhist archetypes, Jewish angels, and even misunderstood inanimate objects or animals—who were given Christian hagiographies to ease the transition of newly converted populations.
This article exhaustively examines the historical, linguistic, and theological mechanisms by which figures from other religions were transformed into accepted Christian saints. By analyzing specific case studies—ranging from the Christianization of the Buddha to the metamorphosis of Egyptian jackal gods and Celtic fertility goddesses—we can observe how the early and medieval Church achieved an unprecedented synthesis of Eurasian religious thought.








